Energy Cost Analysis

http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/energy/sell-electricity-back-grid3.htm

In the U.S., the Public Utility Regulatory Policy Act (PURPA) dictates that electric utilities on the traditional power grid must purchase the excess electricity that renewable energy systems generate.

Net metering is a process by which a single, bidirectional meter spins forward to track the electricity a seller takes from the grid and backward to meter the excess energy they produce. If you've taken out more electricity than you've produced at the end of the month, you'll owe the power provider the retail rate for that excess. However, if you've put in more than you've drawn from the grid, the power provider will pay you the retail instead of the wholesale rate for that excess energy.

RECs are certificates issued by the government establishing ownership of renewable energy. One REC is issued for every 1,000 kilowatt-hours (kWh) of energy funneled back into the grid.



http://www.bayareacensus.ca.gov/counties/SanFranciscoCounty.htm

Total Households in SF 2010 = 345,811

http://www.bayareacensus.ca.gov/cities/Oakland.htm

Total Households in OAK 2010 = 153,791

TOTAL = 499,602

AVG US HOUSEHOLD = 957 kWh per month = 11.484 MW per year

499,602 HOUSEHOLDS TOTAL * 11.484 MW = 5,737.4 GW

EIA Data Browser

https://www.electricchoice.com/electricity-prices-by-state/

https://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/epm_table_grapher.cfm?t=epmt_5_6_a

12.73 cents per kWh average U.S.

17.36 cents per kWh average for state of California

1 GW = 1000 MW   1 MW = 1000 kW

1 MWh = $173.6 AVG.
1 MWh = $332.895 PEAK

1 GWh = $173,000 AVG.
1 GWh = $332,895 PEAK

http://www.pge.com/en/myhome/saveenergymoney/plans/tiers/index.page

TIER 1     18.2 cents per kWh     base * 1.1813     17.3600 cents
TIER 2     21.5 cents per kWh     base * 1.1813     20.5074 cents
TIER 3     27.4 cents per kWh     base * 1.5055     26.1355 cents
TIER 4     34.9 cents per kWh     base * 1.9176     33.2895 cents

PAINT

Iridescence is an optical phenomenon of surfaces in which hue changes with the angle of observation and the angle of illumination.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridescence

THERMOCHROMIC PAINT PIGMENT will change color at 86 degrees F to reveal base coat.

https://kandypearls.com/shop-kustom-paint/temperature-changing-paint/


Orange Ghost Pearl  / Orange Interference Pearls
http://www.pearlsandpigments.com/Interference-Pearls/

https://www.paintwithpearl.com/shop/interference-iridescent-ghost-pearls-pigments/orange-ghost-pearl/


Pearl Pigments
http://www.kppigments.com/collections/interference-pearls

https://www.dipyourcar.com/collections/kp-pigments



INTERNATIONAL ORANGE

Bridge Sample: 16-88-97-5

http://goldengatebridge.org/research/factsGGBIntOrngColor.php

When purchasing paint for the Golden Gate Bridge, it is done through a competitive bidding process. Currently, the paint is supplied by Sherwin Williams and is made to match the Bridge International Orange color formula. The closest off-the-shelf paint color that Sherwin Williams has available is "Fireweed" (color code SW 6328).

Many people ask about the formula for the Bridge’s unique International Orange paint color. Paint stores can mix it with the following information:

CMYK colors are: C= Cyan: 0%, M =Magenta: 69%, Y =Yellow: 100%, K = Black: 6%.

The closest existing color codes to GGB International Orange color are:
PMS 173 (CYMK = 0%, 80%, 94%, 1%),
PMS 174 (CYMK 8%, 85%, 100%, 34%)
Pantone 180 (CYMK 19.4%, 77.9%, 79.6%, 3.6%) 

https://www.google.com/search?q=fireweed&espv=2&biw=858&bih=843&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjB2arEg6TKAhUCqx4KHf_rDKIQ_AUIBigB#tbm=isch&q=golden+gate+international+orange

http://www.colorhexa.com/ff4f00

https://namedropping.wordpress.com/2012/10/07/the-golden-gate-and-the-international-orange-bridge/

http://www.danielsmith.com/content--id-108

GEOTHERMAL

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Geysers

For about 12,000 years, Native American tribes built steambaths at the Geysers and used the steam and hot water for healing purposes and cooking.

The Geysers is the world's largest geothermal field, containing a complex of 22 geothermal power plants, drawing steam from more than 350 wells, located in the Mayacamas Mountains approximately 72 miles (116 km) north of San Francisco, California.

The first geothermal wells drilled in Geyser Canyon were the first in the Western Hemisphere.^[1] The first power plant at the Geysers was privately developed by the owner of The Geysers Resort^[1] and opened in 1921, producing 250 kilowatts of energy to light the resort.^[2] In 1960, Pacific Gas and Electric began operation of their 11-megawatt plant at the Geysers.^[9] The original turbine lasted for more than 30 years and produced 11 MW net power.^[10]

By 1999 the steam to power extraction had begun to deplete the Geysers steam field and production began to drop.^[2] However, since October 16, 1997, the Geysers steam field has been recharged by injection of treated sewage effluent, producing approximately 77 megawatts of capacity in 2004.

In general, the Geysers has 1517 MW of active installed capacity/ 22 Plants
 In fact, The Geysers satisfies nearly 60 percent of the average electricity demand in the 
North Coast region from the Golden Gate Bridge to the Oregon border. 

1.517 GW / 22 = 68.9 MW
1.517 GW / 350 = 4.334 MW


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_geothermal_system

An enhanced geothermal system (EGS) generates geothermal electricity without the need for natural convective hydrothermal resources. Until recently, geothermal power systems have exploited only resources where naturally occurring heat, water, and rock permeability are sufficient to allow energy extraction.^[1] However, by far most of geothermal energy within reach of conventional techniques is in dry and impermeable rock.^[2] EGS technologies enhance and/or create geothermal resources in this hot dry rock (HDR) through 'hydraulic stimulation'.

When natural cracks and pores do not allow economic flow rates, the permeability can be enhanced by pumping high-pressure cold water down an injection well into the rock. The injection increases the fluid pressure in the naturally fractured rock, triggering shear events that enhance the system's permeability. As long as the injection pressure is maintained, a high matrix permeability is not required, nor are hydraulic fracturing proppants required to maintain the fractures in an open state. This process is termed hydro-shearing,^[3] perhaps to differentiate it from hydraulic tensile fracturing, used in the oil and gas industry, which can create new fractures through the rock in addition to expanding the existing fractures.^[4]

Water travels through fractures in the rock, capturing the rock's heat until forced out of a second borehole as very hot water. The water's heat is converted into electricity using either a steam turbine or a binary power plant system.^[5] All of the water, now cooled, is injected back into the ground to heat up again in a closed loop.

EGS technologies, like hydrothermal, geothermal can function as baseload resources that produce power 24 hours a day, like a fossil fuel plant. Unlike hydrothermal, EGS may be feasible anywhere in the world, depending on the economic limits of drill depth. Good locations are over deep granite covered by a 3–5 kilometres (1.9–3.1 mi) layer of insulating sediments that slow heat loss.^[6] EGS wells are expected to have a useful life of 20 to 30 years before the outflow temperature drops and the well becomes uneconomic.

http://c03.apogee.net/contentplayer/?coursetype=geo&utilityid=oge&id=6991

Energy calculations can be done using one of three basic methods:

1. Degree-day procedure, which is the simplest but gives the poorest results.
2. Bin method, which is relatively simple and accounts for the changing outdoor temperature and partial load conditions. This method is often used on single family residential applications.
3. Hour-by-hour method using one of the many software programs available for these calculations. This method is often used for large commercial and institutional systems where considerable detail is required to make a good analysis.

Three key points are:

1. The heating load should be calculated at the specified winter design outdoor temperature.
2. The cooling load should be calculated at the specified summer design outdoor temperature.
3. The assumption that neither heating nor cooling is required for a certain range of outdoor temperatures, typically from 62°F to 67°F.

http://www.cangea.ca/where-are-canadian-geothermal-resources-found.html

GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES IN THE DIFFERENT REGIONS OF CANADAPotential geothermal applications in Canada

http://geo-energy.org/Basics.aspx

The USGS has defined moderate-temperature resources as those between 90°C and 150°C (194 to 302°F), and high-temperature geothermal systems as those greater than 150°C.  

In 1981 at a project in Imperial Valley, California, Ormat Technologies established the technical feasibility of the third conventional type of large-scale commercial geothermal power plant: binary.  The project was so successful that Ormat repaid its loan to the Department of Energy (DOE) within a year.   Binary geothermal plants have made it possible to produce electricity from geothermal resources lower than 302°F (150°C).  This has expanded the U.S. industry’s geographical footprint, especially in the last decade. 

Binary plants use an Organic Rankine Cycle system, which uses geothermal water to heat a second liquid that boils at a lower temperature than water, such as isobutane or pentafluoropropane. This is called a working fluid (or “motive fluid” in Figure 7).  A heat exchanger separates the water from the working fluid while transferring the heat energy.  When the working fluid vaporizes, the force of the expanding vapor, like steam, turns the turbines that power the generators.  The geothermal water is then reinjected in a closed loop, separating it from groundwater sources and lowering emission rates further (see section 5).  Most new geothermal plants under development in the U.S. are binary.

 http://www.mpoweruk.com/geothermal_energy.htm

United States Government energy agency estimates that the total energy available from global geothermal resources is approximately 15,000 times the energy contained in all the known oil and gas reserves in the world. ???

The U.S. has about 3 GW of geothermal electricity installed, out of the worldwide total of 10 GW. Surprising to me, Iceland has just 0.6 GW installed, but this is 30% of their national electricity production. Another surprise to me was that the Philippines also derive about 30% of their electricity from geothermal sources, amounting to 1.9 GW - See more at: http://physics.ucsd.edu/do-the-math/2012/01/warm-and-fuzzy-on-geothermal/#sthash.Vpd33DSD.dpuf

PIEZO

PIEZO GENERATOR + TRIBOELECTRIC

http://www.azosensors.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=36

http://www.nature.com/articles/srep09309

http://www.readcube.com/articles/10.1038/srep09309

This hybrid generator combines high piezoelectric output current and triboelectric output voltage, which produces peak output voltage of ~370 V, current density of ~12 μA·cm−2, and average power density of ~4.44 mW·cm−2. The output power successfully lit up 600 LED bulbs by the application of a 0.2 N mechanical force and it charged a 10 μF capacitor to 10 V in 25 s. 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_power_density

One mW/cm² is the same power density as 10 W/m²

^{4.44 mW/cm2 = 44.4 W/m2} 

1 watt per square meter = 0.092903 watts per square foot

44.4 W/m2 = 4.125 W/ft2

http://www.rapidtables.com/calc/electric/Volt_to_Watt_Calculator.htm

Newtons to Foot LBS

https://www.google.com/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF-8#q=newtons%20to%20lbs

1 Newtons to Pounds-force = 0.2248	70 Newtons to Pounds-force = 15.7366
2 Newtons to Pounds-force = 0.4496	80 Newtons to Pounds-force = 17.9847
3 Newtons to Pounds-force = 0.6744	90 Newtons to Pounds-force = 20.2328

PIEZO GENERATORS AND ACUATORS EXPLAINED

https://www.americanpiezo.com/piezo-theory/generators.html

http://www.piezo.com/tech3faq.html

Piezo Video

https://youtu.be/fHp95e-CwWQ

http://www.piezo.com/tech2intropiezotrans.html

Transducers convert one form of energy to another. Piezo actuators convert electrical energy to mechanical energy. This is why they are referred to as "motors" (often linear motors). Piezo sensors convert mechanical energy into electrical energy. This is why they are referred to as "generators". In most cases, the same element can be used to perform either task.

Single sheets: can be energized to produce motion in the thickness, length, and width directions. They may be stretched or compressed to generate electrical output.

Thin 2-layer elements are the most versatile configuration of all. They may be used like single sheets (made up of 2 layers), they can be used to bend, or they can be used to extend. "Benders" achieve large deflections relative to other piezo transducers. "Extenders", being much stiffer, produce smaller deflections but higher forces.

Multilayered piezo stacks can deliver and support high force loads with minimal compliance, but they deliver small motions.

NCG pad

http://www.gizmag.com/low-cost-large-area-piezoelectric-nanogenerator/22468/

The smallscaled

device and NCG pad are driven by the

slight bending motions of fi nger tapping and

regular foot stepping, respectively. The voltage

and current produced by the slow finger

motion reaches up to ∼ 200 mV and ∼ 7 nA,

respectively (see Figure S13b and Video S1);

the output values by finger tapping are lower

than those of bending stage with high speed

deformation of Figure 2 .

The NCG pad repeatedly

generates the output signals of ∼ 1.5 V

and ∼ 150 nA (see Figure S13d and Video S1);

these output values are produced from an

activation area of 5 cm x 7 cm with applying

force of ∼ 200 N (i.e., ∼ 57 kPa).

piezoelectric actuator

http://www.piezo.ws/index.php

https://www.google.com/search?q=piezoelectric+actuator&espv=2&biw=1536&bih=729&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiEjY611enNAhWC2yYKHYfVDWoQ_AUICCgD#tbm=isch&q=piezoelectric+actuator+thorlabs

http://www.pi-usa.us/tutorial/4_4.html

http://www.clarkpublicutilities.com/index.cfm/your-home/appliances/cost-to-operate/water-well-pump/

Water pumps for domestic wells operate off and on throughout the day and night.

To estimate the cost of pumping water, you need to have a rough idea of the amount of water you use. The average household uses about 90 gallons of water per person per day.

A one-horsepower pump uses about 1,000 watts of electricity when it's running. Domestic pumps deliver about 20 gallons of water per minute.

You can use the following formulas to figure your cost of pumping water.

To calculate how long the pump is "on": 90 gallons x number of residents = number of gallons used per day / (divided by) 20 gallons per minute= "on" time

Example: 90 (gallons) x 4 (residents) = 360 (gallons per day) / 20= 18 minutes or .3 hour

To calculate the cost of operating the pump: (Horsepower x 1000 x hours) / 1000 watts= kwh x $.0816 = cost per day

Example: (1 x 1000 x .3) / 1000= .3 kwh x $.0816 = 2.5 cents per day In this instance, the estimated monthly cost for pumping water for a family of four would be 73 cents (2.5 cents per day x 30 days).

http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2752022/Pitch-black-start-playing-Kinetic-football-field-harnesses-players-energy-power-night-time-lights.html

Billed as Brazil's first player-powered football pitch, a field in a Rio de Janeiro slum has been opened that harnesses the kinetic energy of players' movements to provide night-time illumination.



https://energyphysics.wikispaces.com/Use+of+Piezoelectrics+(Human+Powered+Energy)

Piezoelectric materials were first theorized in the mid 1700's. However, it wasn't until 1880 that the piezoelectric effect was demonstrated.

The Pavegen website claims that one of their tiles can generate 7 watts of power for the duration of an average human step. The tiles measure 0.6 m x 0.45 m and are made from approximately 90% recycled materials.

PAVEGEN
http://www.pavegen.com/

PIEZO BENDER AS A SWITCH

http://www.puiaudio.com/resources-white-papers-piezo-bender.aspx

DIGIKEY sales

http://www.digikey.com/product-detail/en/7BB-15-6L0/490-7800-ND/3863486

http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2013/04/07/1827941/under-pressure-piezoelectric-energy-to-be-generated-by-paris-marathoners/

While each footstep only generates 8 watts of energy through the kinetic motion of the runner stepping on the tile, there will be 40,000 runners passing over those tiles. Pavegen CEO Laurance Kemball-Cook invented the technology, and hopes to provide an easy way to generate electricity, regardless of weather. There is a contest to see who can guess how much energy the marathon will generate.

https://ideasforus.wordpress.com/solutions/research-rd/piezoelectricity/

Each step generates 5W-seconds of energy that can be stored and used to offset power consumption of local devices like LED or electroluminescent fixtures, electronic displays, information kiosks, and cell phone charging stations.

In a day of growing urban population, PowerFloor is a no brainer for high-traffic urban environments where PowerFloor can generate kWh per day


https://kinetictiles.wordpress.com/tag/piezoelectric-floor-tiles/

Energy Generating Rubber

http://ricoh.com/release/2015/0518_1.html

http://www.engineerlive.com/content/power-and-potential-piezoelectric-energy-harvesting

Precedent
http://www.digikey.com/en/articles/techzone/2012/oct/new-piezoelectric-technologies-drive-energy-harvesting-from-vibrations


KAIST
http://www.gizmag.com/low-cost-large-area-piezoelectric-nanogenerator/22468/

http://www.treehugger.com/clean-technology/six-sidewalks-that-work-while-you-walk.html

Hotel / House / Office Energy Consumption

HOTEL

Average energy consumption in a hotel is 40.4 kwh per guest/night. We used to consume 48 kw per guest/night which means that energy consumption has dropped 15.83% since the implementation of the Environmental Strategic Plan in 2008  2012 goal = 37kwh/guest/night

750 guests night * 365 * 37kWh = 10,128,750 kWh/year

http://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/data/2012/index.cfm

https://corporate.nh-hoteles.es/en/corporate-responsibility-and-sustainability/csr-management/environment/environmental-management/energy

https://www.sylvania.com/en-us/applications/hospitality/Pages/energy-and-sustainability.aspx


CHP SYSTEMS
http://www3.epa.gov/chp/markets/hotel_fs.html

https://bizenergyadvisor.com/hotels-and-motels

APARTMENTS

https://www.census.gov/housing/

In addition to small models, educational videos and some information on the city’s own foray into tiny dwellings — at the end of the year, the city hopes to break ground on 55 micro-apartments, measuring from 250 to 370 square feet, on East 27th Street — the exhibition includes a full-scale 325-square-foot model apartment.

http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/21/nyregion/gulliver-seeks-rental-the-newfound-fascination-with-tiny-dwellings.html?hp&_r=1

"Typical" annual CO2 emissions are 14,920 pounds per household, assuming approximately 957 kWh per month. Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration 2009. A Look at Residential Energy Consumption in 2005.

FACADE

http://bluarchitecture.blogspot.com/2010_11_01_archive.html

Tracery Glass 

http://www.suckerpunchdaily.com/2010/01/03/prototypes-i-iii/

algae panel led Emergent

Thesis Writing

https://www.un.org/development/desa/en/news/population/2015-report.html

World population projected to reach 9.7 billion by 2050

http://www.economist.com/news/special-report/21639016-biggest-innovation-energy-go-without-invisible-fuel

http://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/14/realestate/worlds-tallest-passive-house-breaks-ground-on-roosevelt-island.html?_r=0

CLIENT / CULTURE

SF anti-growth
http://www.businessinsider.com/why-housing-is-so-expensive-in-san-francisco-2014-4

California Sustainable attitude
http://sustainca.org/

Renewable Energy Companies
http://www.leafcleanenergy.com/

https://www.ceres.org/resources/reports/power-forward-why-the-world2019s-largest-companies-are-investing-in-renewable-energy/view

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_renewable_energy_companies_by_stock_exchange

http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/articles/2015/05/us-companies-invest-millions-in-ukraine-bioenergy-despite-turbulent-policy.html

Tech Companies push for renewable energy
http://www.forbes.com/sites/emc/2014/07/10/why-big-tech-companies-are-investing-in-renewable-energy/

5 COMPANIES MAKING BIG-TIME RENEWABLE ENERGY INVESTMENTS
http://renergy.com/5-companies-making-big-time-renewable-energy-investments/

Bill Gates $2B
http://www.ibtimes.com/technology-billionaire-bill-gates-double-investment-clean-energy-projects-over-five-1984242

http://www.forbes.com/sites/eshachhabra/2015/11/30/bill-gates-rallies-with-tech-leaders-to-launch-a-multi-billion-dollar-energy-fund/#2715e4857a0b2194cfdfdaeb

http://www.upworthy.com/bill-gates-thinks-the-1-should-foot-the-bill-for-renewable-energy-and-hes-offering-the-first-2b

Trees

Located west of the island was Blossom Rock, a treacherous submerged rock that lay only 5 feet below the surface of the water at low tide. Blossom Rock was discovered and named in 1826 by Captain Beechey of the HMS Blossom. Beechey noted that the rock could be avoided by aligning the northern tip of Yerba Buena Island with two especially large redwood trees growing in the East Bay hills as one entered the Bay. These redwoods were located in what is now Roberts Regional Recreation Area, near the "Madrone" picnic area; the area is marked with a historical marker. The "Navigation Trees" were logged in about 1851, exacerbating the danger of Blossom Rock. The top of the rock was blown up in 1870, and another section removed by blasting in the early 1930s.

There are three parks located on Yerba Buena Island. Hill Park near Treasure Island Road and Macalla Road which used to be a military cemetery until the high visibility traffic approach to the 1939 Golden Gate International Exposition necessitated its removal and transfer of graves to the San Francisco National Cemetery in the Presidio of San Francisco. With Blue Park and Tower Park atop YBI by Yerba Buena Drive.

In his book Two Years Before the Mast, published in 1840, Richard Henry Dana, Jr. mentioned the island and called it "Wood Island".

https://localwiki.org/oakland/Blossom_Rock_Navigation_Trees_(California_Historical_Landmark)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yerba_Buena_Island


Baucis and Philemon

So the question becomes what could this possibly have to do with the myths and legends of the Mediterranean? We know plenty of stories where gods love mortals and they always seem to end badly for the mortal. Adonis, Cyanus, Hyacinth….. mortal is killed and god or goddess mourning for a while transforms them into a plant. No kiss eternal and no lives grown ever deeper into each other. The story of Baucis and Philemon is one of the beauty of human love. It’s a simple tale, but then the most meaningful are, and we find it passed from the Greeks into the Roman’s literary tradition. From there it took Europe by storm for centuries.

The story goes that Zeus and Hermes were discussing the state of humanity and decided to dress up as poor travelers. They travel the world looking for a bed for the night and some food but find themselves turned away at every door. In the end Zeus is in a bad mood and Hermes isn’t smiling either and both agree that humanity had become wicked in it’s treatment of strangers. Finally, after visiting every house and being turned away the pair end up far out in the marshes at the edge of town. It’s here they came to a hovel where the couple Baucis and Philemon lived. This couple had nothing and yet they invited the strangers in. The little they had to eat was offered and shared. The small pitcher of beer was shared and though these strangers drank heartily the pitcher never seemed to empty. With this Philemon began to suspect that something was amiss with her guests. Saying nothing she refilled the beechwood cups. Each time they were emptied and still the jug remained full. Whispering to her husband they realized that they were in the presence of gods and so fell to worship offering to cook their only goose for them. Hearing it’s fate the goose ran and hid in Zeus’ cloak and so the gods reveal themselves.


Zeus tells them that the goose is to be kept alive and that the couple should climb a hill nearby, not looking back until they reach the top. This they do. Screams and the rushing of water are heard but the couple walk on not daring to look behind. When they reach the summit they turn to see the land has been flooded and the people are all drowned. In the ravaged land only one building stands, their cottage, which now stands as a gleaming temple amid the ruins. So Baucis and Philemon become the guardians of the temple and are promised that when they die they will not be separated from each other. When death’s  kiss finally comes they feel themselves being transformed. Baucis into an oak and Philemon into a lime their branches joined together over the temple door. There they remained forever, bound one to the other in death as in life.

YBI Redevelopment

https://www.google.com/search?q=treasure+island+redevelopment+solar+power&rlz=1C1CHWA_enUS551US551&oq=treasure+island+redevelopment+solar+power&aqs=chrome..69i57.16405j0j8&sourceid=chrome&es_sm=122&ie=UTF-8


http://www.sfbg.com/politics/2014/07/10/treasure-island-development-plans-moving-forward-after-lawsuit-rejected

http://www.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/blog/real-estate/2014/10/treasure-island-lennar-wilson-meany-court-sf.html

http://sf.curbed.com/archives/categories/treasure_island.php

SOM Master Plan
http://www.som.com/projects/treasure_island_master_plan


images
https://www.google.com/search?q=treasure+island+development+plan&sa=X&rlz=1C1CHWA_enUS551US551&es_sm=122&biw=1340&bih=788&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&ei=6RwRVeaxBcKlNtqpgugF&ved=0CDIQsAQ#imgdii=_

Current Developers -  Lennar Corporation and Kenwood Investments.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasure_Island_Development

http://treasureislandsfbay.com/ti-redevelopment/

Lennar
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lennar_Corporation


Previous Development Plan - Treasure Island Community Development
http://sftreasureisland.org/development-project

Sustainable public benefit of development of YBI and TI
http://sanfranciscobay.sierraclub.org/sfgroup/issues/treasure-island.html

BIOMASS

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algae_fuel

The United States Department of Energy estimates that if algae fuel replaced all the petroleum fuel in the United States, it would require 15,000 square miles (39,000 km²), which is only 0.42% of the U.S. map,or about half of the land area of Maine. This is less than ¹⁄₇ the area of corn harvested in the United States in 2000.

http://www.worldwatch.org/node/5391

Algae can produce 5,000 - 8,000 gallons per acre vs 420 gallons per acre for corn.

http://cleantechnica.com/2014/08/20/alabama-gets-first-world-carbon-negative-algae-biofuel/

improve the fuel quality by reducing the nitrogen content of the feedstock.

https://www.rit.edu/showcase/index.php?id=167

The algae remove ammonia, phosphate and nitrate, significantly reducing the pathogen load; a centrifuge removes the algae; and an ultraviolet radiation system developed at EET kills any leftover pathogens. All that remains for clean, potable water is to adjust the pH level.

Lodge says algae will take out 99 percent of the ammonia, 88 percent of the nitrate and 99 percent of the phosphate from wastewater.

http://ecopreneurist.com/2014/04/17/algenol-produces-8000-gallons-algae-biofuel-per-acre-1-27-per-gallon/

Algenol’s process, which begins with salt water, actually produces 1.4 gallons of clean water for each gallon of fuel

The algae goes through a special "hydrothermal liquefaction" process that, with temperatures of about 550 degrees Fahrenheit, turn it into a kind of bio-crude oil

Potential Yields

Depending on the culture systems used (opens ponds vs.enclosed photobioreactors), microalgae production yield is expressed as the amount of biomass per unit of surface area (for open ponds), or per unit of reactor volume (for enclosed photobioreactors). A typical open pond can produce 5 to 10 grams of biomass (dry basis) per m2 of surface area per day, which translates to 7.4 to 14.8 tons (dry biomass) per acre per year. Some researchers reported that biomass yield can be as high as 50 g/m2 per day, i.e., 74 ton biomass/m2 per year in an open pond. For enclosed photobioreactors, the biomass yield can be approximately 2 to 3 gram/L per day, i.e., 0.73-1.05 ton (dry biomass)/m3 per year. The oil content of the dry biomass is a highly variable parameter (Table 1), while some strains can reach as high as 80 percent (Metting 1996; Spolaore et al. 2006). Table 2 lists the potential yields of oil produced by various crops and compares these values to oil yields from an open pond growing microalgae. 1000 L = 1 m3 * 3 g * 365 = 2,411 lbs

The EPA estimates that one gallon of gasoline is equal to 33.7 kWh

1 metric ton = 2204.62 * 1.05 = 2,314.85 lbs

453.592 grams per pound

7.34 pounds per gallon biodiesel 

3.581 kWh per lb biodiesel

26.283 kWh per gallon biodiesel

SURFACE AREA

Surface area = 97 feet wide * 10.5 feet high per story * 65 stories * 2 inches deep =

66,202.5 square feet = 9,533,160 square inches * 2 inches deep = 

19,106,320 cubic inches = 313.096 cubic meters = 313,096 Liters

313.096 cubic meters * 2315 lbs = 724,817 lbs dry biomass per year

313,096 Liters * 3 grams per day * 365 / 453.592 grams per lb = 755,834 lbs

755,834 lbs * 0.80 = 604,666 lbs DRY/ 7.34 =  82,379 gallons

604,666 * 3.581 kWh = 2,165,309 kWh

82,379 gal * 26.283 kWh = 2,165,185 kWh

ACRE

43,500 sqft per acre = 6,264,000 sq inches  * 2 inches deep = 12,528,000 cubic inches 

12,528,000 cubic inches = 205.294 cubic meters = 205,297 Liters

205.294 cubic meters * 2315 lbs = 475,255 lbs dry biomass per year

205,297 Liters * 3 grams per day * 365 / 453.592 grams per lb = 495,600 lbs

495,600 lbs * 0.80 = 396,480 lbs DRY / 7.34 =  54,016 gallons

396,480 * 3.581 kWh = 1,419,794 kWh

54,016 gal * 26.283 kWh = 1,419,702 kWh

http://articles.extension.org/pages/26600/algae-for-biofuel-production

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonne_of_oil_equivalent

3.581 kWh per lb biodiesel

26.283 kWh per gallon biodiesel

Crude oil 44.53 TJ/Gg Gross Calorific Value
Biodiesels 28.42 TJ/Gg Gross Calorific Value

1 Gg = 2,204,622 lbs
1 TJ = 277.77 MWh

1 tonne of crude oil  = 306.2 gallons = 11.63 MWh

• 1 toe = 11.63 megawatt-hours (MWh)

1 toe (tonne) is equivalent to approximately 2,204.6 pounds

A gallon of crude oil weighs about 7.2 lbs

Biodiesel has a density 0.88 grams per cubic centimeter. This converts to about 7.34 pounds per gallon.

Biodiesel yield from transesterfication is more than 90% and the biodiesel quality is comparable to conventional petroleum diesel

107,935 gal per acre/year * 26.28 kWh/gal = 2,836,531 kWh / year / acre

50,000 gal per acre/year * 26.28 kWh/gal = 1,314,139 kWh / year / acre

10,000 gal per acre / year * 26.28 kWh/gal = 262,827 kWh / year

http://www.algaeproductionsystems.com/algae.html

According to the method by IAEA.

The algae left out after the centrifuge Shud be heated in dry heat sterlizer for 4 hrs @80 C.

The mass left out wud be the dry weight of the algae.

I am getting a dry mass of 1g/l(dry bases) which is approx. 1/8 of the wet mass.

http://ecopreneurist.com/2014/04/17/algenol-produces-8000-gallons-algae-biofuel-per-acre-1-27-per-gallon/

Algae Biofuel Process by Algenol Yields 8000 Gallons per Acre at $1.27 per Gallon

Algenol’s process, which begins with salt water, actually produces 1.4 gallons of clean water for each gallon of fuel

The company’s Direct to Ethanol process yields a biofuel with an 80% lower carbon footprint than gasoline, and has the added benefit of using a byproduct of other industrial processes, carbon dioxide, to produce a clean fuel (one metric tonne of carbon dioxide fed into the Algenol process produces around 144 gallons of fuels).

Some types of algae comprise more than 50 percent oil, and an average acre of algae grown today for pharmaceutical industries can produce 5,000 gallons (19,000 liters) of biodiesel each year. By comparison, an average acre of corn produces 420 gallons (1,600 liters) of ethanol per year, and an acre of soybeans yields just 70 gallons (265 liters) of biodiesel per year.

1 acre = 43,560 sqft

This limits the effective photosynthetic zone to the volume within five centimeters of the surface of a pond," he says

http://allaboutalgae.com/benefits/

Algae store energy in the form of oils and carbohydrates, which, combined with their high productivity, means they can produce from 2,000 to as many as 5,000 gallons of biofuels per acre per year. - See more at: http://allaboutalgae.com/benefits/#sthash.JbkCjuYR.dpuf

Algae Can Purify Wastewaters Algae thrive in nutrient-rich waters like municipal waste waters (sewage), animal wastes and some industrial effluents, at the same time purifying these wastes while producing a biomass suitable for biofuels production. - See more at: http://allaboutalgae.com/benefits/#sthash.JbkCjuYR.dpuf

Algal Biomass Can Be Used as an Energy Source After oil extraction, the remaining algal biomass can be dried and “pelletized” and used as fuel that is burned in industrial boilers and other power generation sources. - See more at: http://allaboutalgae.com/benefits/#sthash.JbkCjuYR.dpuf

Photobioreactors[edit]

These systems allow for the growth of algae with lower lipid content than the previous two systems. This is important because low-oil algae can grow up to 30 fold faster than other species, potentially allowing PBR systems to harvest algae up to 30 times more often

Most companies pursuing algae as a source of biofuels pump nutrient-rich water through plastic or borosilicate glass tubes (called "bioreactors" ) that are exposed to sunlight (and so-called photobioreactors or PBR).

Running a PBR is more difficult than using an open pond, and more costly, but may provide a higher level of control and productivity.^[38] In addition, a photobioreactor can be integrated into a closed loop cogeneration system much more easily than ponds or other methods.

The United States Department of Energy estimates that if algae fuel replaced all the petroleum fuel in the United States, it would require 15,000 square miles (39,000 km²), which is only 0.42% of the U.S. map,^[11]or about half of the land area of Maine. This is less than ¹⁄₇ the area of corn harvested in the United States in 2000.^[12]

http://energy.gov/eere/videos/energy-101-algae-fuel

http://www.oilgae.com/algae/cult/pbr/pbr.html

BIQ

http://www.splitterwerk.at/database/