Tuesday, July 12, 2016

Hotel

How much does it cost to build the average hotel?

There are a huge number of variables in such a question. For one thing, will it have a restaurant? What about a banquet or conference facility? Does it need a swimming pool or a gym? Is there a large lobby lounge?
According to USAToday, the average hotel room is roughly 325 square feet with interior dimensions of approximately13'x25' (including a full bathroom). In the United States, the average hotel will have 115 rooms and require around48,000 square feet.
Interestingly enough, a survey conducted by "Luxury and Resort Travel" found that the top amenities in most hotels were those "en suite" or available in the room rather than on the grounds. Because of this, we will consider the construction of a hotel with "Mid Priced" rooms, a lobby lounge, and the facilities to administer 24-hour room service.
The building of hotel requires an architect or an architectural firm, a knowledgeable contractor, a team of subcontractors, and a cooperative developer/owner to get the job done in a reasonable time frame.
  • According to Hawkins Research, Inc., most hotel projects should use materials and techniques that fall under the "Best" classifications to keep wear and tear or replacement costs low. Such a building would run at an average of $22.2 million to complete. This does not include acquisition of the land or any demolition costs, however.
  • The above figures place this construction at a $463 per square foot cost, though a national average of stands between $325 and $450 for hotel contractors. This pricing structure assumes that the work is unionized. "Open shop" laborers would follow a price structure that includes - carpenters, masons and excavators charging an average of $70 per hour, electricians between $65 to $85 per hour, painters between $20 and $35 per hour and plumbers between$45 and $65 per hour.
  • Materials would cost around $9.8 million, labor would cost roughly $8.9 million, and the machine costs would stand at roughly $935,000.

Monday, July 11, 2016

Embodied Energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embodied_energy


Material Energy MJ per kg Carbon kg CO2 per kg Density kg /m3
Steel (general, av. recycled content)20.11.377800
Concrete (1:1.5:3)1.110.1592400

Thursday, February 11, 2016

Structural


Vanity Height: How Much of a Skyscraper is Usable Space?


Dubai’s Burj Khalifa, which is measured at 828m (2717ft)
The Burj Khalifa’s total vanity height is 244m (39%)which, on its own, would stand as Europe’s 11th tallest skyscraper. 
BURJ KHALIFA VANITY HEIGHT = 800 FT = 39%


Kingdom Tower height: 1000 plus metres (to surpass Burj Khalifa by at least 173 metres)
1,008 m (3,307 ft) 
-Highest occupiable floor: Level 163
167 (2 below ground) (252 including uninhabitable "floors" in the spire) [4]
KINGDOM TOWER VANITY HEIGHT = 89 FLOORS * 13.12 FT PER FLOOR = 1,168 FT = 35%

The global number of buildings taller than 200 metres has almost tripled since 2000, increasing from 263 to 756 at the end of 2012. In total, 35 buildings taller than 200 metres were completed in Asia in 2012 and 16 in the Middle East. On the contrary, six were completed in North America, including only two in the United States, which once dominated tall building development.

Of the projects under construction, 59 will join the list of the 100 tallest buildings in the world; eight will likely make the top 10. There are also 10 buildings taller than 500 metres under construction, including three mega-talls, over 600 metres.







Taller: How Future Skyscrapers Will Beat the Burj Khalifa


The Engineering Tricks Behind the World's Super Tall and Super Slender Skyscrapers

According to Bill Baker, the structural engineer for Skidmore, Owings & Merrill responsible for the Burj Khalifa, the trend towards taller, thinner buildings has presented new spins on old engineering challenges. When the ratio between the height and width of a building goes beyond 8 :1 or 9:1, it becomes increasingly more expensive to construct, since it requires thicker walls and more sophisticated technology to reduce the amount of swaying and shaking caused by the wind (Baker compared today's thinner supertalls to a fishing rod, and making one stand up straight requires much more reinforcement). The height-to-width ratio for 432 Park Avenue is 15:1; to put that in perspective, if you place a standard ruler on its end, it has a ratio of 12:1.



Michell Truss
http://www.grasshopper3d.com/forum/topics/parametric-mitchell-truss-geometry

http://www.grasshopper3d.com/forum/topics/curves-intersecting-a-surface


http://gizmodo.com/how-flowers-help-us-understand-why-bridges-collapse-1775500894


https://www.arraysolutions.com/Products/windloads.htm

Force, F = A x P x Cd
A = The projected area of the item
P , Wind pressure (Psf), = .00256 x V^2  (V= wind speed in Mph)
Cd , Drag coefficient,  = 2.0 for flat plates. For a long cylinder (like most antenna tubes), Cd = 1.2.
Note the relationship between them is 1.2/2 = .6, not quite 2/3.


https://books.google.com/books?id=aOHpAwAAQBAJ&pg=SA6-PA1&lpg=SA6-PA1&dq=design+prevailing+wind+lateral+load&source=bl&ots=UNtcYZHlsq&sig=dx896BdbNe69KqBsJvYnMHg-k7Y&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj93t-Muu_KAhUFNiYKHTYPAwYQ6AEIJjAC#v=onepage&q=design%20prevailing%20wind%20lateral%20load&f=false